Archive for April, 2008

An Overview of Criminal Law

Monday, April 21st, 2008


Criminal law is the same as punitive law. Consequences under these laws can be harsh and unique depending on what the type misconduct and jurisdiction it happened in. The usual consequences for violating criminal laws include:
• Prison time
• Execution
• Probation or parole
• Monetary fines

There have been situations where the laws become unclear between criminal law and civil law. Criminal law is very distinctive as the penalties for violating the law can be severe. For example, an offender sent to prison can be sent on a solitary basis or for the remainder of their life. House arrest is quite similar to imprisonment given the fact that it involves the offender being confined to a particular area. The offender can also lose assets and property depending on the case.

Punishment
The courts have put forth a strict set of punishments in order to keep individuals afraid to break the law. There are five classes of consequences that vary depending on jurisdiction which are:
• Punishment
• Deterrence
• Restitution
• Incapacitation
• Retribution

Public International Law
Public international laws apply in cases where an entire area or society is affected by an atrocious crime. The history of this law dates back to WW2 with the Nuremburg Trials. These trials paved the path for a future in which an individual who commits a crime on behalf of their government are still held responsible for the crime committed and will not be granted sovereign immunity.

Actus Reus
Actus Reus is known as a guilty act. These undesirable acts need evidence that a crime was committed by an actual action, threat of an action, or lack of an action. In order for this to apply to a crime it needs to have a physical element. Actus Reus applies to dangerous situations due to a result of someone’s actions. Strict liability crimes have the possibility of harsh punishment and thus there needs to be valid proof of mens rea (guilty mind).

Mens Rea
Mens rea is the term for guilty mind, meaning it was an intentional act to violate the law. However, under criminal, intention and motive are different. Innocent intentions do not undo the criminal intentions. Cases where the offender performs an act knowing it is dangerous are considered to qualify for mens rea. The courts view this as carelessness and if the offender did not know the risks, mens rea will be reduced.

Degrees Of Murder
Murder is the most common targeted act under criminal laws. Depending on the jurisdiction, the severity levels for punishment of these offenses varies. Manslaughter is murder without malevolence present, usually committed by provocation or reduced capacity. Some cases where the murder is a result of recklessness may be considered involuntary manslaughter. First degree murder requires intentional murder fueled by hatred.

By: Frank J Smith

About the Author:
Additional Legal Site: Attorney Michael Lowe. Serving throughout the Dallas, TX area.

Frank J Smith is the web master for http://www.TheInjuryGuide.com He enjoys working in the beautiful sunshine state of Florida.



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Criminal Law – Bail and Arraignments

Saturday, April 12th, 2008


If a person is arrested for a criminal misdemeanor in Rhode Island (RI) there are several potential scenarios. The police could hold the accused and bring him to Court for an arraignment in District Court in the morning. The police also could call a justice of the peace / Bail Commissioner who could arraign the accused at the police station and release the person. The bail commissioner could also set bail in order for the person to be released.

It is usually not advisable for a person to give a statement to the police without a Rhode Island (RI) Criminal Lawyer / attorney. However, there are exceptions to every rule!

The accused who is arraigned by the justice of the peace must still attend a more formal arraignment in District Court after he / she is released from police custody.

The formal arraignment is the court hearing where a criminal defendant either pleads not guilty, or nolo contendere to the criminal charges. Nolo contendere means the person is admitting to the charges but is not contesting them. A defendant should never plead guilty. A nolo contendere plea is not a conviction unless there is a suspended sentence, fine or jail time. The scope of this article does not pertain to expungement law or a detailed explanation of the different pleas and sentences that can be imposed.

It is usually a very bad idea for a person to plea nolo contendere without an attorney at the arraignment. However, there are exceptions to this rule especially if the person will be held as a probation or bail violator. It is usually very strongly advisable that the defendant says not guilty and retains a Rhode Island criminal lawyer. If the accused cannot afford a private criminal attorney they should go to the Rhode Island Public Defender’s office.

If the accused pleads nolo at the arraignment they will be sentenced to a filing, probation , suspended sentence or jail time. Usually, the accused will work out a plea agreement with the police officer prior to pleading nolo contendere.

At the arraignment in District Court, the person will typically be released on bail after the person pleads not guilty. An accused should hire a Rhode Island criminal attorney to represent him/ her at an arraignment. For minor misdemeanor offenses, bail is usually personal recognizance which means the person does not have to come up with any actual funds. A defendant released on personal recognizance, has to promise that they will attend court for future hearings and / or trial. Personal recognizance is designated as an amount of funds. The accused does not actually pay any money! However, If the person fails to attend court in the future the accused will owe that amount of money to the State of Rhode Island.

If the Rhode Island (RI ) District Court judge orders cash bail then the accused must pay that amount in cash to be released. If it is cash bail than the defendant cannot post property.

If the person is repeat criminal offender, the allegations are particularly bad, the person has a history of not attending court or for other reasons, then the court could set bail with surety. This means that the person only has to pay 10 percent of that amount or post property valued at full amount. If a person can not come up with ten percent then they can hire a bail bondsman who will post that amount for a fee. a Bail bondsman’s fee is usually reasonable. If the person attends all Court dates then they will get that money back at the end of the case.

If the person arrested was out on bail for a previous offense, is on probation, is in the midst of a one year filing, suspended sentence or deferred sentence than the judge can hold the person as a”violator” pending a hearing. The judge can refuse to set bail and hold a person as a violator at the aci for ten business days which could be up to 14 days.

There will be a hearing 10 days later in which the person will be accused of violating probation or bail and also stand trial on the new charges. The scope of this article does not include an in depth analysis of bail / filing / probation violation hearings.

It is important that this criminal law article be used for informational purposes only and not as a substitute for seeking legal advice from a Rhode Island lawyer.

A misdemeanor is any offense punishable by up to one year in Jail. Typical misdemeanors are: driving under the influence of alcohol / drunk driving (dui / dwi), shoplifting, domestic assault, Second (2nd) offense refusal to take the breathalyzer, driving on a suspended license, writing bad checks, domestic vandalism, simple assault and battery, domestic disorderly, reckless driving, disorderly conduct, etc. There are different rules that apply to driving with suspended licenses and this article does not fully address those provisions.

Legal Notice per RI Rules of Professional Responsibility:

The Rhode Island Supreme Court licenses all lawyers and attorneys in the general practice of law, but does not license or certify any lawyer/ attorney as an expert or specialist in any field of practice.

By: David Slepkow

About the Author:
David Slepkow is a Rhode Island lawyer concentrating in criminal law, DUI / DWI, breathalyzer refusals, restraining orders/ no contact orders, divorce, family law, child custody / support / visitation and personal injury.

If you have any questions or need legal help please call David Slepkow at 401-437-1100 or visit his website: Rhode Island Lawyers/Attorneys

David Slepkow offers free initial consultations and accepts all major credit cards. For more useful information concerning Rhode Island (RI) criminal law and DUI please go to: RI Criminal law articles



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Discrimination – The Law Offers More Protection Than You Think

Friday, April 11th, 2008


The highest court in New Jersey has compared discrimination in our society to a cancer which must be aggressively cut out and prevented from spreading. One way New Jersey has dealt with the issue of discrimination is through the education of our youth in our public schools in the hopes that prejudice learned at home is eliminated through the cultural enlightenment of our impressionable children.

Another effective way New Jersey has dealt with discrimination is through the implementation and enforcement of one of the most powerful anti-discrimination laws in the nation, New Jersey’s Law Against Discrimination. Under this New Jersey law, it is unlawful for any employer, school, hospital, business, governmental agency, financial institution, landlord, seller of real estate, and place of public accommodation (hotel, motel, etc) to discriminate against any person on the basis of numerous protected classifications such as a person’s gender, race, country of origin, ethnic background, religion, marital status, age, physical or mental handicap, genetic, cellular or blood type and pregnancy.

New Jersey law protects all persons fitting within any protected classification from being terminated from or deprived of employment or a benefit or service because of discrimination. Additionally, the law prohibits discrimination as motivation for changing the terms or conditions of a person’s employment or of any service, benefit or right to which an employee is entitled.. One of the key provisions of the law enables everyone to be able to afford a lawyer to help them in discrimination claims as the Law Against Discrimination forces the company or person guilty of discrimination to pay the victim’s legal fees and expenses.

Some examples of widespread unlawful discrimination in the workplace can be seen in cases our law firm has handled. In one case, a young woman of Hispanic ethnicity was fired merely because she was pregnant. Although our client was physically able to perform all of the tasks required of her job and even had a letter from her doctor attesting to this fact, her company nevertheless fired her simply because of her pregnancy. The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination clearly states that such action is illegal, therefore, the employer made an unwise decision in firing our client because the company will now have to pay many tens of thousands of dollars in litigation expenses to defend and ultimately settle our client’s claims.

In another case, our female clients were subjected to unwelcome touching and sexually explicit verbal comments by their male employer. On one occasion, the male employer even placed a nude photograph of himself on the office bulletin board so that his entire staff, all women, would have to see it while they worked. On another occasion, our client was humiliated when the male employer in question placed a small Christmas tree upon her desk, and, instead of holiday ornaments, the boss hung condoms on the tree. The boss continued to commit similar degrading and embarrassing acts upon his female staff on an almost a daily basis for several years until finally the female office workers decided they had enough and retained our law firm to help them. In the end, it was the boss who was humiliated as he and his insurance company were forced to pay hundreds of thousands of dollars in damages to compensate the women he had victimized for his own gratification.

In another example showing the extent to which people holding positions of authority will go to in order to victimize those people they mistakenly believe are powerless to defend themselves, a company’s president threatened to report our client, an illegal immigrant from a South American country, to the INS, unless she had sex with him after the other employees went home for the evening. This exploitation continued for months until our client became informed of her rights, retained our law firm’s services and we filed a lawsuit under New Jersey’s Law Against Discrimination. During the litigation, it became clear that the boss exploited other female employees in the past, and, that the company failed to provide appropriate training and education to its managers and supervisors concerning unlawful discrimination in the workplace. As a result of the lawsuit, the boss who exploited our client was fired from his job, and, his company was forced to pay a large amount of compensation to our client.

Although there are many cases similar to the above examples, the sad fact remains that unlawful discrimination, especially in the workplace, is a daily occurrence. The common thread in the examples given above is that when some people believe they have authority over others by virtue of their high position with a company, these people believe they have the right to exploit or discriminate against their employees who do not possess the same authority within the company. The Law Against Discrimination, however, is the great equalizer! When victims of unlawful discrimination become educated about the law and understand that they no longer have to put up with discriminatory practices against them at work, they gain the ability to change things for the betterment of themselves and for all similarly victimized employees, and, in the process, obtain compensation for their damages. As the old saying goes, “Information is power.” It is clear that everyone in New Jersey who works hard just to feed, cloth and house their families needs to understand that when it comes to fighting discrimination, they are empowered with the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, legal protection too strong for any exploitive bigot to ever defeat.

If you believe that you or a loved one have been the victim of unlawful discrimination, you may wish to consult with an experienced attorney to discuss the situation and learn more about your rights and available remedies, especially since no article can serve as a substitute for the advice an experienced attorney can provide based on the merits and circumstances of an individual case. The bottom line: with the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination as a powerful ally, no one should ever put up with discrimination in the workplace.

By: David Sternlieb

About the Author:
David Sternlieb, a partner in the law firm of Shapiro & Sternlieb located in Freehold and Manalapan, is a trial lawyer who handles cases involving unlawful discrimination in the workplace.



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Marketing For Hispanic and Latino Lawyers and Law Firms

Tuesday, April 8th, 2008


Rafael and Marta are attorneys and work together in a law firm that practices family law. Like many lawyers, their practice involves representing individuals who need their services to solve a problem. They specialize in marketing to the Hispanic community. They make a good living but are not creating wealth through their business. Their story is the same as most lawyers. They bill by the hour and their income is therefore limited on a practical basis to the number of hours worked every week. Just as importantly, their income is also dependent on how many hours they work each week. If they don’t work, they don’t make any money. If they work less (or have less work available), they make less money. Likewise if they work more, they make more money.

Most of their clients come to them to solve a single problem and therefore represent a single transaction with little or no repeat business. That circumstance is an offshoot of the type of business that they are pursuing, family law. They focus on divorce work and most of their clients, thankfully are not repeat customers.

A constant challenge in their firm is acquiring new clients. Although both are the primary cogs in generating new business for the firm, they are also the primary cogs in the operation of their client attraction system. Like many other lawyers, they find that when they have time to market, they are able to fill their pipeline with new business. They then are tied up handling that new business and do not have time to market for new business.

They do the same thing that most attorneys in their situation do. They have a large yellow pages ad under the theory that people getting divorced will look to the yellow pages for a lawyer. What a great way to find a lawyer! Their ads look just about the same as every other lawyer’s ad and are just as expensive.

They also get referrals from their friends and other lawyers. They have worked at developing relationships with the people who will come in contact with people at the time they are looking for a divorce lawyer. This system has worked fairly well and they have had a steady clientele for some time. They also have a very good reputation.

They still have a major problem. Being busy with clients all the time still is not getting them any type of financial independence. They do well but they cannot make enough extra money to truly create wealth.

Their business starts all over again every month. They find new clients, service the clients, pay the bills, and then start all over again. Marta has joked that she wished she had become a singer so that she could just cash her royalty checks and occasionally record new songs. There is no passive income in their law firm as it is structured.

Rafael is also concerned about their exit strategy. Although they are only in their early forties, they struggle with saving enough to provide for retirement. He has known far too many lawyers who could never quit. They lived well and had good income, far better than most people, but like most people, most of the income was spent on living well. So retirement is a question mark. He also wonders what will happen to the firm they have built. They have tried to hire new lawyers and train them. What they found was that they then had a third job as trainer, in addition to marketer and worker. As a result, they have not developed other attorneys who might become the purchasers of their practice as an exit strategy. There is another problem with that scenario in that the income of the practice is dependent upon their being at their desks or in court every day. The only thing they really have to sell is the income stream from their billable hours. Unless another lawyer buys the practice to gain access to their clients and billings (and takes over their desks and court appearances), there really is nothing to sell except their jobs. Their law firm, structured as it is, is not a business, it is really just two jobs. The market for selling jobs is very limited and not very lucrative.

They both know Diego who used to practice family law. He now works from his home, having closed his practice. Over lunch the other day, Diego told them that he had started a non-law business as his exit strategy part-time several years ago. He wanted an income stream that was not dependent on the number of hours that he worked and did not require him to fight with people every day. Curious about how that would work, they have scheduled another lunch with Diego to find out how an Hispanic attorney can start their own business and make more than they were making as a lawyer.

By: James Montgomery

About the Author:
Jim Montgomery is a business owner and law firm owner in San Antonio, Texas. He helps people develop exit strategies through their own business to get what they want from life. For detailed free information, visit http://howtostartabusinessfromhome.blogspot.com or email him at jemmktg@mac.com



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